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Kaynak

Kaynakça

Sitedeki bilgilerin dayandığı seçilmiş temel kaynaklar, konulara göre.

Terminoloji ve standartlar

  1. Pasterkamp H, Brand PLP, Everard M, Garcia-Marcos L, Melbye H, Priftis KN. Towards the standardisation of lung sound nomenclature. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(3):724–732.
  2. Sovijärvi ARA, Dalmasso F, Vanderschoot J, Malmberg LP, Righini G, Stoneman SAT. Definition of terms for applications of respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev. 2000;10(77):597–610.
  3. Sovijärvi ARA, Malmberg LP, Charbonneau G, et al. Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds. Eur Respir Rev. 2000;10(77):591–596.
  4. Bohadana A, Izbicki G, Kraman SS. Fundamentals of lung auscultation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):744–751.
  5. Pasterkamp H, Kraman SS, Wodicka GR. Respiratory sounds: advances beyond the stethoscope. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(3):974–987.
  6. Aviles-Solis JC, Vanbelle S, Halvorsen PA, et al. International perception of lung sounds: a comparison of classification across some European borders. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017;4(1):e000250.
  7. Wilkins RL, Dexter JR, Murphy RL, DelBono EA. Lung sound nomenclature survey. Chest. 1990;98(4):886–889.

Mekanizmalar

  1. Forgacs P. Crackles and wheezes. Lancet. 1967;2(7508):203–205.
  2. Gavriely N, Shee TR, Cugell DW, Grotberg JB. Flutter in flow-limited collapsible tubes: a mechanism for generation of wheezes. J Appl Physiol. 1989;66(5):2251–2261.
  3. Grotberg JB, Gavriely N. Flutter in collapsible tubes: a theoretical model of wheezes. J Appl Physiol. 1989;66(5):2262–2273.
  4. Fredberg JJ, Holford SK. Discrete lung sounds: crackles (rales) as stress-relaxation quadrupoles. J Acoust Soc Am. 1983;73(3):1036–1046.
  5. Vyshedskiy A, Alhashem RM, Paciej R, et al. Mechanism of inspiratory and expiratory crackles. Chest. 2009;135(1):156–164.
  6. Vyshedskiy A, Murphy R. Crackle pitch rises progressively during inspiration in pneumonia, CHF, and IPF patients. Pulm Med. 2012;2012:240160.
  7. Piirilä P, Sovijärvi ARA. Crackles: recording, analysis and clinical significance. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(12):2139–2148.
  8. Vena D, Gell L, Messineo L, Mann D, Azarbarzin A, Calianese N, et al. Physiological determinants of snore loudness. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2024;21(1):114–121.

Klinik paternler

  1. Piirilä P, Sovijärvi ARA, Kaisla T, et al. Crackles in patients with fibrosing alveolitis, bronchiectasis, COPD, and heart failure. Chest. 1991;99(5):1076–1083.
  2. Nath AR, Capel LH. Inspiratory crackles—early and late. Thorax. 1974;29(2):223–227.
  3. Melbye H, Aviles Solis JC, Jácome C, Pasterkamp H. Inspiratory crackles—early and late—revisited: identifying COPD by crackle characteristics. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021;8(1):e000852.
  4. Thacker RE, Kraman SS. The prevalence of auscultatory crackles in subjects without lung disease. Chest. 1982;81(6):672–674.
  5. Aviles-Solis JC, Jácome C, Davidsen A, Einarsen R, Vanbelle S, Pasterkamp H, et al. Prevalence and clinical associations of wheezes and crackles in the general population: the Tromsø study. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):173.
  6. Malmberg LP, Pesu L, Sovijärvi ARA. Significant differences in flow standardised breath sound spectra in patients with COPD, stable asthma, and healthy lungs. Thorax. 1995;50(12):1285–1291.
  7. Baughman RP, Loudon RG. Quantitation of wheezing in acute asthma. Chest. 1984;86(5):718–722.
  8. Baughman RP, Loudon RG. Stridor: differentiation from asthma or upper airway noise. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139(6):1407–1409.
  9. Maat RC, Røksund OD, Halvorsen T, Skadberg BT, Olofsson J, Ellingsen TA, et al. Audiovisual assessment of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction: reliability and validity of observations. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(12):1929–1936.
  10. Cottin V, Cordier JF. Velcro crackles: the key for early diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Eur Respir J. 2012;40(3):519–521.
  11. Sgalla G, Simonetti J, Di Bartolomeo A, Magrì T, Iovene B, Pasciuto G, et al. Reliability of crackles in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: a prospective, longitudinal study. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):352.
  12. Pereira CAC, Soares MR, Boaventura R, et al. Squawks in interstitial lung disease: prevalence and causes in a cohort of one thousand patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(29):e16419.
  13. Earis JE, Marsh K, Pearson MG, Ogilvie CM. The inspiratory "squawk" in extrinsic allergic alveolitis and other pulmonary fibroses. Thorax. 1982;37(12):923–926.
  14. Paciej R, Vyshedskiy A, Bana D, Murphy R. Squawks in pneumonia. Thorax. 2004;59(2):177–179.
  15. Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, Cluzel P, Grenier P, Rouby JJ. Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(1):9–15.
  16. Lichtenstein DA, Mezière GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008;134(1):117–125.
  17. Topaloğlu İ, Özduygu G, Atasoy C, et al. Machine learning-driven lung sound analysis: novel methodology for asthma diagnosis. Adv Respir Med. 2025;93(5):32.
  18. Topaloğlu İ, Atasoy C, Bayram A, et al. An interpretable multidimensional acoustic physiology map for COPD using digital lung sounds. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2026;13(4):305–315.

İletim, ölçüm ve kayıt

  1. Gavriely N, Nissan M, Rubin AH, Cugell DW. Spectral characteristics of chest wall breath sounds in normal subjects. Thorax. 1995;50(12):1292–1300.
  2. Gavriely N, Cugell DW. Airflow effects on amplitude and spectral content of normal breath sounds. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80(1):5–13.
  3. Mahagnah M, Gavriely N. Repeatability of measurements of normal lung sounds. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(2):477–481.
  4. Gross V, Dittmar A, Penzel T, Schüttler F, von Wichert P. The relationship between normal lung sounds, age, and gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3 Pt 1):905–909.
  5. Tsai JZ, Chang ML, Yang JY, Kuo D, Lin CH, Kuo CD. Left–right asymmetry in spectral characteristics of lung sounds detected using a dual-channel auscultation system in healthy young adults. Sensors (Basel). 2017;17(6):1323.
  6. Kompis M, Pasterkamp H, Oh Y, Wodicka GR. Distribution of inspiratory and expiratory respiratory sound intensity on the surface of the human thorax. Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 1997;5:2047–2050.
  7. Wodicka GR, Shannon DC. Transfer function of sound transmission in subglottal human respiratory system at low frequencies. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(6):2126–2130.
  8. Kraman SS. Determination of the site of production of respiratory sounds by subtraction phonopneumography. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980;122(2):303–309.
  9. Kraman SS. Speed of low-frequency sound through lungs of normal men. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983;55(6):1862–1867.
  10. Bergstresser T, Ofengeim D, Vyshedskiy A, Shane J, Murphy R. Sound transmission in the lung as a function of lung volume. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:667–674.
  11. Lev S, Glickman YA, Kagan I, Dahan D, Cohen J, Grinev M, et al. Changes in regional distribution of lung sounds as a function of positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R66.
  12. Kraman SS, Wodicka GR, Pressler GA, Pasterkamp H. Comparison of lung sound transducers using a bioacoustic transducer testing system. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(2):469–476.
  13. Cheetham BMG, Charbonneau G, Giordano A, Helistö P, Vanderschoot J. Digitization of data for respiratory sound recordings. Eur Respir Rev. 2000;10(77):621–624.
  14. Marques A, Bruton A, Barney A. The reliability of lung crackle characteristics in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis patients in a clinical setting. Physiol Meas. 2009;30(9):903–912.
  15. Zhang Q, et al. SPRSound: Open-Source SJTU Paediatric Respiratory Sound Database. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2022;16(5):867–881. Sitedeki wheezing, ronküs ve stridor seslerinin perde titremesi, harmonik yapısı ve arka plana göre belirginliği bu veri tabanındaki gerçek kayıtların ölçümüne göre ayarlandı (CC BY 4.0).
  16. Fraiwan M, Fraiwan L, Khassawneh B, Ibnian A. A dataset of lung sounds recorded from the chest wall using an electronic stethoscope. Data Brief. 2021;35:106913. Mendeley Data, jwyy9np4gv, sürüm 3. Sitedeki wheezinglerin süre, perde, perde seyri ve şiddet dağılımları ile zil (bell) modunun süzgeç etkisi bu veri tabanındaki 41 erişkin kaydın ölçümüne göre ayarlandı (CC BY 4.0).
  17. Rocha BM, Filos D, Mendes L, et al. An open access database for the evaluation of respiratory sound classification algorithms. Physiol Meas. 2019;40(3):035001.

Yapay zekâ ve biyobelirteç

  1. Pramono RXA, Bowyer S, Rodriguez-Villegas E. Automatic adventitious respiratory sound analysis: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177926.
  2. Heitmann J, Glangetas A, Doenz J, et al. DeepBreath — automated detection of respiratory pathology from lung auscultation in 572 pediatric outpatients across 5 countries. npj Digit Med. 2023;6:104.
  3. Zhang Y, Xia T, Han J, et al. Towards open respiratory acoustic foundation models: pretraining and benchmarking. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst. 2024;37:27024–27055.
  4. Baur S, Nabulsi Z, Weng WH, et al. HeAR — Health Acoustic Representations. arXiv:2403.02522. 2024.
  5. Emeryk A, Derom E, Janeczek K, et al. Home monitoring of asthma exacerbations in children and adults with use of an AI-aided stethoscope. Ann Fam Med. 2023;21(6):517–525.
  6. Huang D, Wang L, Wang W. A multi-center clinical trial for wireless stethoscope-based diagnosis and prognosis of children community-acquired pneumonia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2023;70(7):2215–2226.
  7. Schelfhout J, Nguyen AM, Birring SS, Bacci ED, Vernon M, Muccino DR, et al. Validation and meaningful change thresholds for an objective cough frequency measurement in chronic cough. Lung. 2022;200(6):717–724.
  8. FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group. BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) Resource. 2016–.